Leviticus 26
26
Covenant Blessings and Discipline
1“Do not make idols for yourselves, # Ex 20:3-4; Ps 81:9 set up a carved image or sacred pillar for yourselves, or place a sculpted stone in your land to bow down to it, for I am Yahweh your God. 2You must keep My Sabbaths and revere My sanctuary; # Ex 15:17; Lv 19:30; Ezk 20:13,16,21; 23:38 I am Yahweh.
3“If you follow My statutes and faithfully observe My commands, 4I will give you rain at the right time, and the land will yield its produce, and the trees of the field will bear their fruit. 5Your threshing will continue until grape harvest, and the grape harvest will continue until sowing time; you will have plenty of food to eat and live securely in your land. # Lv 25:18-19; Dt 28:1-2,12; Is 30:21-23; Am 9:13 6I will give peace to the land, and you will lie down with nothing to frighten you. I will remove dangerous animals from the land, and no sword will pass through your land. # Jr 30:10; Ezk 34:25,28; Mc 4:4 7You will pursue your enemies, and they will fall before you by the sword. 8Five of you will pursue 100, and 100 of you will pursue 10,000; your enemies will fall before you by the sword. # Dt 3:22; 32:30; Jos 10:19; 23:3,10
9“I will turn to you, make you fruitful and multiply you, and confirm My covenant with you. 10You will eat the old grain of the previous year and will clear out the old to make room for the new. 11I will place My residence # Or tabernacle among you, and I will not reject you. # Ex 25:8; 29:45-46; Lv 26:44; 1Kg 6:13 12I will walk among you and be your God, and you will be My people. # Jr 7:23; Lk 1:68; 2Co 6:16; Rv 21:3 13I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, so that you would no longer be their slaves. I broke the bars of your yoke # Ex 6:6-7; Is 9:4; Jr 5:5; 28:10-11 and enabled you to live in freedom. # Lit to walk uprightly
14“But if you do not obey Me and observe all these commands — 15if you reject My statutes and despise My ordinances, and do not observe all My commands — and break My covenant, 16then I will do this to you: I will bring terror # Ps 78:33; Is 65:23; Jr 15:8 on you — wasting disease and fever that will cause your eyes to fail and your life to ebb away. You will sow your seed in vain because your enemies will eat it. 17I will turn # Lit will set My face against you, so that you will be defeated by your enemies. Those who hate you will rule over you, and you will flee even though no one is pursuing you. # Ex 12:23; Dt 28:25
18“But if after these things you will not obey Me, I will proceed to discipline you seven times for your sins. # Gn 4:15,24; Heb 12:4-11 19I will break down your strong pride. I will make your sky like iron and your land like bronze, 20and your strength will be used up for nothing. # Dt 28:23; Am 4:7-8 Your land will not yield its produce, and the trees of the land will not bear their fruit.
21“If you act with hostility toward Me and are unwilling to obey Me, I will multiply your plagues seven times for your sins. # Gn 4:15,24 22I will send wild animals against you that will deprive you of your children, ravage your livestock, and reduce your numbers until your roads are deserted. # Dt 32:24; Jdg 5:6; Is 33:8; Lm 1:1-4; Ezk 14:15; Zch 7:14
23“If in spite of these things you do not accept My discipline, but act with hostility toward Me, 24then I will act with hostility toward you; I also will strike you seven times for your sins. 25I will bring a sword against you # Ezk 14:21 to execute the vengeance of the covenant. Though you withdraw into your cities, I will send a pestilence among you, and you will be delivered into enemy hands. 26When I cut off your supply of bread, 10 women will bake your bread in a single oven and ration out your bread by weight, so that you will eat but not be satisfied. # Is 3:1; Ezk 4:16; 14:13; Am 4:6; Mc 6:14
27“And if in spite of this you do not obey Me but act with hostility toward Me, 28I will act with furious hostility toward you; I will also discipline you seven times for your sins. 29You will eat the flesh of your sons; you will eat the flesh of your daughters. # Dt 28:53-57; 2Kg 6:28-29; Jr 19:9; Lm 4:10; Mc 3:2-3 30I will destroy your high places, cut down your incense altars, and heap your dead bodies on the lifeless bodies of your idols; # Gn 31:19; Ezk 6:3-6 I will reject you. 31I will reduce your cities to ruins and devastate your sanctuaries. I will not smell the pleasing aroma of your sacrifices. # Gn 8:21; 1Sm 26:19; Am 5:21-22 32I also will devastate the land, so that your enemies who come to live there will be appalled by it. 33But I will scatter you among the nations, and I will draw a sword to chase after you. So your land will become desolate, and your cities will become ruins.
34“Then the land will make up for its Sabbath years during the time it lies desolate, while you are in the land of your enemies. At that time the land will rest and make up for its Sabbaths. 35As long as it lies desolate, it will have the rest it did not have during your Sabbaths when you lived there.
36“I will put anxiety in the hearts of those of you who survive in the lands of their enemies. The sound of a wind-driven leaf will put them to flight, and they will flee as one flees from a sword, and fall though no one is pursuing them. 37They will stumble over one another as if fleeing from a sword though no one is pursuing them. You will not be able to stand against your enemies. 38You will perish among the nations; the land of your enemies will devour you. 39Those # Lit Those of you who survive in the lands of your enemies will waste away because of their sin; they will also waste away because of their fathers’ sins along with theirs.
40“But if they will confess their sin and the sin of their fathers — their unfaithfulness that they practiced against Me, and how they acted with hostility toward Me, 41and I acted with hostility toward them and brought them into the land of their enemies — and if their uncircumcised hearts will be humbled, # Dt 30:6; Jr 4:4; 9:25; Ezk 44:7,9 and if they will pay the penalty for their sin, 42then I will remember My covenant with Jacob. I will also remember My covenant with Isaac and My covenant with Abraham, and I will remember the land. 43For the land abandoned by them will make up for its Sabbaths by lying desolate without the people, while they pay the penalty for their sin, because they rejected My ordinances and abhorred My statutes. 44Yet in spite of this, while they are in the land of their enemies, I will not reject or abhor them so as to destroy them and break My covenant with them, since I am Yahweh their God. # Gn 17:8; Ezk 36:22; Hs 11:8-9; Zch 10:9 45For their sake I will remember the covenant with their fathers, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations to be their God; I am Yahweh.”
46These are the statutes, ordinances, and laws the Lord established between Himself and the Israelites through Moses on Mount Sinai.
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Leviticus 26: HCSB
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Leviticus 26
26
Exhortation to Obedience
1 “‘You must not make for yourselves idols,#sn For the literature regarding the difficult etymology and meaning of the term for “idols” (אֱלִילִם, ’elilim), see the literature cited in the note on Lev 19:4. It appears to be a diminutive play on words with אֵל (’el, “god, God”) and, perhaps at the same time, recalls a common Semitic word for “worthless, weak, powerless, nothingness.” Snaith suggests a rendering of “worthless godlings.” so you must not set up for yourselves a carved image or a pillar, and you must not place a sculpted stone in your land to bow down before#tn Heb “on.” The “sculpted stone” appears to be some sort of stone with images carved into (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 181, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 449). it, for I am the Lord your God. 2 You must keep my Sabbaths and reverence#tn Heb “and my sanctuary you shall fear.” Cf. NCV “respect”; CEV “honor.” my sanctuary. I am the Lord.
The Benefits of Obedience
3 “‘If you walk in my statutes and are sure to obey my commandments,#tn Heb “and my commandments you shall keep and do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 20:8; 25:18, etc.). 4 I will give you your rains in their time so that#tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here. the land will give its yield and the trees of the field will produce their fruit.#tn Heb “the tree of the field will give its fruit.” As a collective singular this has been translated as plural. 5 Threshing season will extend for you until the season for harvesting grapes,#tn Heb “will reach for you the vintage season.” and the season for harvesting grapes will extend until sowing season, so#tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here. you will eat your bread until you are satisfied,#tn Heb “to satisfaction”; KJV, ASV, NASB “to the full.” and you will live securely in your land. 6 I will grant peace in the land so that#tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here. you will lie down to sleep without anyone terrifying you.#tn Heb “and there will be no one who terrifies.” The words “to sleep” have been supplied in the translation for clarity. I will remove harmful animals#tn Heb “harmful animal,” singular, but taken here as a collective plural (so almost all English versions). from the land, and no sword of war#tn Heb “no sword”; the words “of war” are supplied in the translation to indicate what the metaphor of the sword represents. will pass through your land. 7 You will pursue your enemies and they will fall before you by the sword.#tn Heb “to the sword.” 8 Five of you will pursue a hundred, and a hundred of you will pursue ten thousand, and your enemies will fall before you by the sword. 9 I will turn to you, make you fruitful, multiply you, and maintain#tn Heb “cause to arise,” but probably used here for the Lord’s intention of confirming or maintaining the covenant commitment made at Sinai. Cf. KJV “establish”; NASB “will confirm”; NAB “carry out”; NIV “will keep.” my covenant with you. 10 You will still be eating stored produce from the previous year#tn Heb “old [produce] growing old.” and will have to clean out what is stored from the previous year to make room for new.#tn Heb “and old from the presence of new you will bring out.”
11 “‘I will put my tabernacle#tn LXX codexes Vaticanus and Alexandrinus have “my covenant” rather than “my tabernacle.” Cf. NAB, NASB, NRSV “my dwelling.” in your midst and I will not abhor you.#tn Heb “and my soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] will not abhor you.” 12 I will walk among you, and I will be your God and you will be my people. 13 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, from being their slaves,#tn Heb “from being to them slaves.” and I broke the bars of your yoke and caused you to walk upright.#tn In other words, to walk as free people and not as slaves. Cf. NIV “with (+ your CEV, NLT) heads held high”; NCV “proudly.”
The Consequences of Disobedience
14 “‘If, however,#tn Heb “And if.” you do not obey me and keep#tn Heb “and do not do.” all these commandments – 15 if you reject my statutes and abhor my regulations so that you do not keep#tn Heb “to not do.” all my commandments and you break my covenant – 16 I for my part#tn Or “I also” (see HALOT 76 s.v. אַף 6.b). will do this to you: I will inflict horror on you, consumption and fever, which diminish eyesight and drain away the vitality of life.#tn Heb “soul.” These expressions may refer either to the physical effects of consumption and fever as the rendering in the text suggests (e.g., J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452, 454, “diminishing eyesight and loss of appetite”), or perhaps the more psychological effects, “which exhausts the eyes” because of anxious hope “and causes depression” (Heb “causes soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] to pine away”), e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 185. You will sow your seed in vain because#tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have causal force here. your enemies will eat it.#tn That is, “your enemies will eat” the produce that grows from the sown seed. 17 I will set my face against you. You will be struck down before your enemies, those who hate you will rule over you, and you will flee when there is no one pursuing you.
18 “‘If, in spite of all these things,#tn Heb “And if until these.” you do not obey me, I will discipline you seven times more on account of your sins.#tn Heb “I will add to discipline you seven [times] on your sins.” 19 I will break your strong pride and make your sky like iron and your land like bronze. 20 Your strength will be used up in vain, your land will not give its yield, and the trees of the land#tn Heb “the tree of the land will not give its fruit.” The collective singular has been translated as a plural. Tg. Onq., some medieval Hebrew mss, Smr, LXX, and Tg. Ps.-J. have “the field” as in v. 4, rather than “the land.” will not produce their fruit.
21 “‘If you walk in hostility against me#tn Heb “hostile with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in v. 24 and 27. and are not willing to obey me, I will increase your affliction#tn Heb “your blow, stroke”; cf. TEV “punishment”; NLT “I will inflict you with seven more disasters.” seven times according to your sins. 22 I will send the wild animals#tn Heb “the animal of the field.” This collective singular has been translated as a plural. The expression “animal of the field” refers to a wild (i.e., nondomesticated) animal. against you and they will bereave you of your children,#tn The words “of your children” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied. annihilate your cattle, and diminish your population#tn Heb “and diminish you.” so that your roads will become deserted.
23 “‘If in spite of these things#tn Heb “And if in these.” you do not allow yourselves to be disciplined and you walk in hostility against me,#tn Heb “with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in vv. 24 and 27. 24 I myself will also walk in hostility against you and strike you#tn Heb “and I myself will also strike you.” seven times on account of your sins. 25 I will bring on you an avenging sword, a covenant vengeance.#tn Heb “vengeance of covenant”; cf. NAB “the avenger of my covenant.” Although#tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has a concessive force in this context. you will gather together into your cities, I will send pestilence among you and you will be given into enemy hands.#tn Heb “in hand of enemy,” but Tg. Ps.-J. and Tg. Neof. have “in the hands of your enemies” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 454). 26 When I break off your supply of bread,#tn Heb “When I break to you staff of bread” (KJV, ASV, and NASB all similar). ten women will bake your bread in one oven; they will ration your bread by weight,#tn Heb “they will return your bread in weight.” and you will eat and not be satisfied.
27 “‘If in spite of this#tn Heb “And if in this.” you do not obey me but walk in hostility against me,#tn Heb “with me.” 28 I will walk in hostile rage against you#tn Heb “in rage of hostility with you”; NASB “with wrathful hostility”; NRSV “I will continue hostile to you in fury”; CEV “I’ll get really furious.” and I myself will also discipline you seven times on account of your sins. 29 You will eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters.#tn Heb “and the flesh of your daughters you will eat.” The phrase “you will eat” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons. 30 I will destroy your high places and cut down your incense altars,#sn Regarding these cultic installations, see the remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 188, and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:903. The term rendered “incense altars” might better be rendered “sanctuaries [of foreign deities]” or “stelae.” and I will stack your dead bodies on top of the lifeless bodies of your idols.#tn The translation reflects the Hebrew wordplay “your corpses…the corpses of your idols.” Since idols, being lifeless, do not really have “corpses,” the translation uses “dead bodies” for people and “lifeless bodies” for the idols. I will abhor you.#tn Heb “and my soul will abhor you.” 31 I will lay your cities waste#tn Heb “And I will give your cities a waste”; NLT “make your cities desolate.” and make your sanctuaries desolate, and I will refuse to smell your soothing aromas. 32 I myself will make the land desolate and your enemies who live in it will be appalled. 33 I will scatter you among the nations and unsheathe the sword#tn Heb “and I will empty sword” (see HALOT 1228 s.v. ריק 3). after you, so your land will become desolate and your cities will become a waste.
34 “‘Then the land will make up for#tn There are two Hebrew roots רָצָה (ratsah), one meaning “to be pleased with; to take pleasure” (HALOT 1280-81 s.v. רצה; cf. “enjoy” in NASB, NIV, NRSV, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452), and the other meaning “to restore” (HALOT 1281-82 s.v. II רצה; cf. NAB “retrieve” and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 189). its Sabbaths all the days it lies desolate while you are in the land of your enemies; then the land will rest and make up its Sabbaths. 35 All the days of the desolation it will have the rest it did not have#tn Heb “it shall rest which it did not rest.” on your Sabbaths when you lived on it.
36 “‘As for#tn Heb “And.” the ones who remain among you, I will bring despair into their hearts in the lands of their enemies. The sound of a blowing leaf will pursue them, and they will flee as one who flees the sword and fall down even though there is no pursuer. 37 They will stumble over each other as those who flee before a sword, though#tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) is used in a concessive sense here. there is no pursuer, and there will be no one to take a stand#tn The term rendered “to stand up” is a noun, not an infinitive. It occurs only here and appears to designate someone who would take a powerful stand for them against their enemies. for you before your enemies. 38 You will perish among the nations; the land of your enemies will consume you.
Restoration through Confession and Repentance
39 “‘As for the ones who remain among you, they will rot away because of#tn Heb “in” (so KJV, ASV; also later in this verse). their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and they will also rot away because of their ancestors’#tn Heb “fathers’” (also in the following verse). iniquities which are with them. 40 However, when#tn Heb “And.” Many English versions take this to be a conditional clause (“if…”) though there is no conditional particle (see, e.g., NASB, NIV, NRSV; but see the very different rendering in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 190). The temporal translation offered here (“when”) takes into account the particle אָז (’az, “then”), which occurs twice in v. 41. The obvious contextual contrast between vv. 39 and 40 is expressed by “however” in the translation. they confess their iniquity and their ancestors’ iniquity which they committed by trespassing against me,#tn Heb “in their trespassing which they trespassed in me.” See the note on Lev 5:15, although the term is used in a more technical sense there in relation to the “guilt offering.” by which they also walked#tn Heb “and also which they walked.” in hostility against me#tn Heb “with me.” 41 (and I myself will walk in hostility against them and bring them into the land of their enemies), and#tn Heb “or then,” although the LXX has “then” and the Syriac “and then.” then their uncircumcised hearts become humbled and they make up for#tn Heb “and then they make up for.” On the verb “make up for” see the note on v. 34 above. their iniquity, 42 I will remember my covenant with Jacob and also my covenant with Isaac and also my covenant with Abraham,#tn Heb “my covenant with Abraham I will remember.” The phrase “I will remember” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons. and I will remember the land. 43 The land will be abandoned by them#tn Heb “from them.” The preposition “from” refers here to the agent of the action (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 455). in order that it may make up for#tn The jussive form of the verb with the simple vav (ו) here calls for a translation that expresses purpose. its Sabbaths while it is made desolate#tn The verb is the Hophal infinitive construct with the third feminine singular suffix (GKC 182 §67.y; cf. v. 34). without them,#tn Heb “from them.” and they will make up for their iniquity because#tn Heb “because and in because,” a double expression, which is used only here and in Ezek 13:10 (without the vav) for emphasis (GKC 492 §158.b). they have rejected my regulations and have abhorred#tn Heb “and their soul has abhorred.” my statutes. 44 In spite of this, however, when they are in the land of their enemies I will not reject them and abhor them to make a complete end of them, to break my covenant with them, for I am the Lord their God. 45 I will remember for them the covenant with their ancestors#tn Heb “covenant of former ones.” sn For similar expressions referring back to the ancestors who refused to follow the stipulations of the Mosaic covenant see, for example, Deut 19:14, Jer 11:10, and Ps 79:8 (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 192, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 471). whom I brought out from the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations to be their God. I am the Lord.’”
Summary Colophon
46 These are the statutes, regulations, and instructions which the Lord established#tn Heb “gave” (so NLT); KJV, ASV, NCV “made.” between himself and the Israelites at Mount Sinai through#tn Heb “by the hand of” (so KJV). Moses.
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