Judges 1
1
Judah Takes the Lead
1 After Joshua died, the Israelites asked#tn The Hebrew verb translated “asked” (שָׁאַל, sha’al) refers here to consulting the Lord through a prophetic oracle; cf. NAB “consulted.” the Lord, “Who should lead the invasion against the Canaanites and launch the attack?”#tn Heb “Who should first go up for us against the Canaanites to attack them?” 2 The Lord said, “The men of Judah should take the lead.#tn Heb “Judah should go up.” Be sure of this! I am handing the land over to them.”#tn The Hebrew exclamation הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally, “Behold”), translated “Be sure of this,” draws attention to the following statement. The verb form in the following statement (a Hebrew perfect, indicating completed action from the standpoint of the speaker) emphasizes the certainty of the event. Though it had not yet taken place, the Lord speaks of it as a “done deal.” 3 The men of Judah said to their relatives, the men of Simeon,#tn Heb “Judah said to Simeon, his brother.” “Invade our allotted land with us and help us attack the Canaanites.#tn Heb “Come up with me into our allotted land and let us attack the Canaanites.” Then we#tn Heb “I.” The Hebrew pronoun is singular, agreeing with the collective singular “Judah” earlier in the verse. English style requires a plural pronoun here, however. will go with you into your allotted land.” So the men of Simeon went with them.
4 The men of Judah attacked,#tn Heb “Judah went up.” and the Lord handed the Canaanites and Perizzites over to them. They killed ten thousand men at Bezek. 5 They met#tn Or “found.” Adoni-Bezek at Bezek and fought him. They defeated the Canaanites and Perizzites. 6 When Adoni-Bezek ran away, they chased him and captured him. Then they cut off his thumbs and big toes. 7 Adoni-Bezek said, “Seventy kings, with thumbs and big toes cut off, used to lick up#tn Elsewhere this verb usually carries the sense of “to gather; to pick up; to glean,” but “lick up” seems best here in light of the peculiar circumstances described by Adoni-Bezek. food scraps#tn The words “food scraps” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied. under my table. God has repaid me for what I did to them.”#tn Heb “Just as I did, so God has repaid me.” Note that the phrase “to them” has been supplied in the translation to clarify what is meant. They brought him to Jerusalem,#map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4. where he died. 8 The men of Judah attacked Jerusalem and captured it. They put the sword to it and set the city on fire.
9 Later the men of Judah went down to attack the Canaanites living in the hill country, the Negev, and the lowlands.#tn Or “foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.” 10 The men of Judah attacked the Canaanites living in Hebron. (Hebron used to be called Kiriath Arba.) They killed Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. 11 From there they attacked the people of Debir.#tn Heb “they went from there against the inhabitants of Debir.” The LXX reads the verb as “they went up,” which suggests that the Hebrew text translated by the LXX read וַיַּעַל (vayya’al) rather than the MT’s וַיֵּלֶךְ (vayyelekh). It is possible that this is the text to be preferred in v. 11. Cf. Josh 15:15. (Debir used to be called Kiriath Sepher.) 12 Caleb said, “To the man who attacks and captures Kiriath Sepher I will give my daughter Acsah as a wife.” 13 When Othniel son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother,#tn “Caleb’s younger brother” may refer to Othniel or to Kenaz (in which case Othniel was Caleb’s nephew; so CEV). captured it, Caleb#tn Heb “he”; the referent (Caleb) has been specified in the translation for clarity. gave him his daughter Acsah as a wife.
14 One time Acsah#tn Heb “she”; the referent (Acsah) has been specified in the translation for clarity. came and charmed her father#tn Heb “him.” The pronoun could refer to Othniel, in which case one would translate, “she incited him [Othniel] to ask her father for a field.” This is problematic, however, for Acsah, not Othniel, makes the request in v. 15. The LXX has “he [Othniel] urged her to ask her father for a field.” This appears to be an attempt to reconcile the apparent inconsistency and probably does not reflect the original text. If Caleb is understood as the referent of the pronoun, the problem disappears. For a fuller discussion of the issue, see P. G. Mosca, “Who Seduced Whom? A Note on Joshua 15:18 // Judges 1:14,” CBQ 46 (1984): 18-22. The translation takes Caleb to be the referent, specified as “her father.” so she could ask him for some land. When she got down from her donkey, Caleb said to her, “What would you like?” 15 She answered, “Please give me a special present.#tn Elsewhere the Hebrew word בְרָכָה (vÿrakhah) is often translated “blessing,” but here it refers to a gift (as in Gen 33:11; 1 Sam 25:27; 30:26; and 2 Kgs 5:15). Since you have given me land in the Negev, now give me springs of water.” So Caleb gave her both the upper and lower springs.#tn Some translations regard the expressions “springs of water” (גֻּלֹּת מָיִם, gullot mayim) and “springs” (גֻּלֹּת) as place names here (cf. NRSV).
16 Now the descendants of the Kenite, Moses’ father-in-law, went up with the people of Judah from the City of Date Palm Trees to Arad in the desert of Judah,#tc Part of the Greek ms tradition lacks the words “of Judah.” located in the Negev.#tn Heb “[to] the Desert of Judah in the Negev, Arad.” They went and lived with the people of Judah.#tn The phrase “of Judah” is supplied here in the translation. Some ancient textual witnesses read, “They went and lived with the Amalekites.” This reading, however, is probably influenced by 1 Sam 15:6 (see also Num 24:20-21).
17 The men of Judah went with their brothers the men of Simeon#tn Heb “Judah went with Simeon, his brother.” and defeated the Canaanites living in Zephath. They wiped out Zephath.#tn Heb “it”; the referent (the city of Zephath) has been specified in the translation for clarity. So people now call the city Hormah.#sn The name Hormah (חָרְמָה, khormah) sounds like the Hebrew verb translated “wipe out” (חָרַם, kharam). 18 The men of Judah captured Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron, and the territory surrounding each of these cities.#tn Heb “The men of Judah captured Gaza and its surrounding territory, Ashkelon and its surrounding territory, and Ekron and its surrounding territory.”
19 The Lord was with the men of Judah. They conquered#tn Or “seized possession of”; or “occupied.” the hill country, but they could not#tc Several textual witnesses support the inclusion of this verb. conquer the people living in the coastal plain, because they had chariots with iron-rimmed wheels.#tn Regarding the translation “chariots with iron-rimmed wheels,” see Y. Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 255, and the article by R. Drews, “The ‘Chariots of Iron’ of Joshua and Judges,” JSOT 45 (1989): 15-23. 20 Caleb received#tn Heb “they gave to Caleb.” Hebron, just as Moses had promised. He drove out the three Anakites. 21 The men of Benjamin, however, did not conquer the Jebusites living in Jerusalem.#map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4. The Jebusites live with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this very day.#sn The statement to this very day reflects the perspective of the author, who must have written prior to David’s conquest of the Jebusites (see 2 Sam 5:6-7).
Partial Success
22 When the men#tn Heb “house.” This is a metonymy for the warriors from the tribe. of Joseph attacked#tn Heb “went up.” Bethel,#map For location see Map4-G4; Map5-C1; Map6-E3; Map7-D1; Map8-G3. the Lord was with them. 23 When the men of Joseph spied out Bethel (it used to be called Luz), 24 the spies spotted#tn Heb “saw.” a man leaving the city. They said to him, “If you show us a secret entrance into the city, we will reward you.” 25 He showed them a secret entrance into the city, and they put the city to the sword. But they let the man and his extended family leave safely. 26 He#tn Heb “the man.” moved to Hittite country and built a city. He named it Luz, and it has kept that name to this very day.
27 The men of Manasseh did not conquer Beth Shan, Taanach, or their surrounding towns. Nor did they conquer the people living in Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo#map For location see Map1-D4; Map2-C1; Map4-C2; Map5-F2; Map7-B1. or their surrounding towns.#tn Heb “The men of Manasseh did not conquer Beth Shan and its surrounding towns, Taanach and its surrounding towns, the people living in Dor and its surrounding towns, the people living in Ibleam and its surrounding towns, or the people living in Megiddo and its surrounding towns.” The Canaanites managed#tn Or “were determined.” to remain in those areas.#tn Heb “in this land.” 28 Whenever Israel was strong militarily, they forced the Canaanites to do hard labor, but they never totally conquered them.
29 The men of Ephraim did not conquer the Canaanites living in Gezer. The Canaanites lived among them in Gezer.
30 The men of Zebulun did not conquer the people living in Kitron and Nahalol.#tn Heb “the people living in Kitron and the people living in Nahalol.” The Canaanites lived among them and were forced to do hard labor.
31 The men of Asher did not conquer the people living in Acco or Sidon,#map For location see Map1-A1; JP3-F3; JP4-F3. nor did they conquer Ahlab, Aczib, Helbah, Aphek, or Rehob.#tn Heb “The men of Asher did not conquer the people living in Acco, the people living in Sidon, Ahlab, Acco, Helbah, Aphek, or Rehob.” 32 The people of Asher live among the Canaanites residing in the land because they did not conquer them.
33 The men of Naphtali did not conquer the people living in Beth Shemesh or Beth Anath.#tn Heb “the people living in Beth Shemesh or the people living in Beth Anath.” They live among the Canaanites residing in the land. The Canaanites#tn The term “Canaanites” is supplied here both for clarity and for stylistic reasons. living in Beth Shemesh and Beth Anath were forced to do hard labor for them.
34 The Amorites forced the people of Dan to live in the hill country. They did not allow them to live in#tn Heb “come down into.” the coastal plain. 35 The Amorites managed#tn Or “were determined.” to remain in Har Heres,#tn Or “Mount Heres”; the term הַר (har) means “mount” or “mountain” in Hebrew. Aijalon, and Shaalbim. Whenever the tribe of Joseph was strong militarily,#tn Heb “Whenever the hand of the tribe of Joseph was heavy.” the Amorites were forced to do hard labor. 36 The border of Amorite territory ran from the Scorpion Ascent#tn Or “the Ascent of Scorpions” (עַקְרַבִּים [’aqrabbim] means “scorpions” in Hebrew). to Sela and on up.#tn Or “Amorite territory started at the Pass of the Scorpions at Sela and then went on up.”
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Judges 1
1
1After that Ioshua was dead, the children of Israel asked ye Lord, saying, Who shall goe vp for vs against the Canaanites, to fight first against them? 2And the Lord said, Iudah shall goe vp: behold, I haue giuen the land into his hande. 3And Iudah said vnto Simeon his brother, Come vp with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites: and I likewise will goe with thee into thy lot: so Simeon went with him. 4Then Iudah went vp, and the Lord deliuered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hands, and they slew of them in Bezek ten thousand men. 5And they founde Adoni-bezek in Bezek: and they fought against him, and slewe the Canaanites, and the Perizzites. 6But Adoni-bezek fled, and they pursued after him, and caught him, and cut off the thumbes of his hands and of his feete. 7And Adoni-bezek said, Seuentie Kings hauing the thumbes of their hands and of their feete cut off, gathered bread vnder my table: as I haue done, so God hath rewarded me. so they brought him to Ierusalem, and there he died. 8(Nowe the children of Iudah had fought against Ierusalem, and had taken it and smitten it with the edge of the sworde, and had set the citie on fire.) 9Afterwarde also the children of Iudah went downe to fight against the Canaanites, that dwelt in the mountaine, and towarde the South, and in the lowe countrey. 10And Iudah went against the Canaanites that dwelt in Hebron, which Hebron beforetime was called Kiriath-arba: and they slewe Sheshai, and Ahiman and Talmai. 11And from thence hee went to the inhabitantes of Debir, and the name of Debir in olde time was Kiriath-sepher. 12And Caleb saide, He that smiteth Kiriath-sepher, and taketh it, euen to him wil I giue Achsah my daughter to wife. 13And Othniel the sonne of Kenaz Calebs yonger brother tooke it, to whome hee gaue Achsah his daughter to wife. 14And when shee came to him, shee mooued him to aske of her father a field, and shee lighted off her asse, and Caleb saide vnto her, What wilt thou? 15And shee answered him, Giue mee a blessing: for thou hast giuen me a South countrey, giue me also springs of water: and Caleb gaue her the springs aboue and the springs beneath. 16And the childre of Keni Moses father in law went vp out of the citie of the palme trees with the children of Iudah, into the wildernesse of Iudah, that lieth in the South of Arad, and went and dwelt among the people. 17But Iudah went with Simeon his brother, and they slewe the Canaanites that inhabited Zephath, and vtterly destroied it, and called the name of the citie Hormah. 18Also Iudah tooke Azzah with the coasts thereof, and Askelon with the coasts thereof, and Ekron with the coastes thereof. 19And the Lord was with Iudah, and he possessed the mountaines: for he could not driue out the inhabitantes of the valleis, because they had charrets of yron. 20And they gaue Hebron vnto Caleb, as Moses had saide, and hee expelled thence the three sonnes of Anak. 21But the children of Beniamin did not cast out the Iebusites, that inhabited Ierusalem: therefore the Iebusites dwell with the children of Beniamin in Ierusalem vnto this day. 22They also that were of the house of Ioseph, went vp to Beth-el, and the Lord was with them, 23And the house of Ioseph caused to viewe Beth-el (and the name of the citie beforetime was Luz) 24And the spies sawe a man come out of the citie, and they saide vnto him, Shewe vs, we praie thee, the way into the citie, and we will shewe thee mercie. 25And when hee had shewed them the waie into the citie, they smote the citie with the edge of the sworde, but they let the man and all his housholde depart. 26Then the man went into the lande of the Hittites, and built a citie, and called the name thereof Luz, which is the name thereof vnto this daie. 27Neither did Manasseh destroie Bethshean with her townes, nor Taanach with her townes, nor the inhabitantes of Dor with her townes, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam with her townes, neither the inhabitants of Megiddo with her townes: but the Canaanites dwelled still in that lande. 28Neuerthelesse when Israel was strong, they put the Canaanites to tribute, and expelled them not wholly. 29Likewise Ephraim expelled not the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer, but the Canaanites dwelt in Gezer among them. 30Neither did Zebulun expell the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Nahalol, but the Canaanites dwelt among them, and became tributaries. 31Neither did Asher cast out the inhabitants of Accho, nor the inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob, 32But the Asherites dwelt among the Canaanites the inhabitantes of the lande: for they did not driue them out. 33Neither did Naphtali driue out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, nor the inhabitants of Beth-anath, but dwelt among the Canaanites the inhabitants of the lande: neuerthelesse the inhabitantes of Beth-shemesh, and of Beth-anath became tributaries vnto them. 34And the Amorites droue the children of Dan into the mountaine: so that they suffered them not to come downe to the valley. 35And the Ammonites dwelt still in mount Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim, and when the hand of Iosephs familie preuailed, they became tributaries: 36And the coast of the Amorites was from Maaleh-akrabbim, euen from Selah and vpward.
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