Deuteronomy 7
7
The Dispossession of Nonvassals
1 When the Lord your God brings you to the land that you are going to occupy and forces out many nations before you – Hittites,#sn Hittites. The center of Hittite power was in Anatolia (central modern Turkey). In the Late Bronze Age (1550-1200 b.c.) they were at their zenith, establishing outposts and colonies near and far. Some elements were obviously in Canaan at the time of the Conquest (1400-1350 b.c.). Girgashites,#sn Girgashites. These cannot be ethnically identified and are unknown outside the OT. They usually appear in such lists only when the intention is to have seven groups in all (see also the note on the word “seven” later in this verse). Amorites,#sn Amorites. Originally from the upper Euphrates region (Amurru), the Amorites appear to have migrated into Canaan beginning in 2200 b.c. or thereabouts. Canaanites,#sn Canaanites. These were the indigenous peoples of the land, going back to the beginning of recorded history (ca. 3000 b.c.). The OT identifies them as descendants of Ham (Gen 10:6), the only Hamites to have settled north and east of Egypt. Perizzites,#sn Perizzites. This is probably a subgroup of Canaanites (Gen 13:7; 34:30). Hivites,#sn Hivites. These are usually thought to be the same as the Hurrians, a people well-known in ancient Near Eastern texts. They are likely identical to the Horites (see note on the term “Horites” in Deut 2:12). and Jebusites,#sn Jebusites. These inhabited the hill country, particularly in and about Jerusalem (cf. Num 13:29; Josh 15:8; 2 Sam 5:6; 24:16). seven#sn Seven. This is an ideal number in the OT, one symbolizing fullness or completeness. Therefore, the intent of the text here is not to be precise and list all of Israel’s enemies but simply to state that Israel will have a full complement of foes to deal with. For other lists of Canaanites, some with fewer than seven peoples, see Exod 3:8; 13:5; 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11; Deut 20:17; Josh 3:10; 9:1; 24:11. Moreover, the “Table of Nations” (Gen 10:15-19) suggests that all of these (possibly excepting the Perizzites) were offspring of Canaan and therefore Canaanites. nations more numerous and powerful than you – 2 and he#tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy. delivers them over to you and you attack them, you must utterly annihilate#tn In the Hebrew text the infinitive absolute before the finite verb emphasizes the statement. The imperfect has an obligatory nuance here. Cf. ASV “shalt (must NRSV) utterly destroy them”; CEV “must destroy them without mercy.” them. Make no treaty#tn Heb “covenant” (so NASB, NRSV); TEV “alliance.” with them and show them no mercy! 3 You must not intermarry with them. Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons, 4 for they will turn your sons away from me to worship other gods. Then the anger of the Lord will erupt against you and he will quickly destroy you. 5 Instead, this is what you must do to them: You must tear down their altars, shatter their sacred pillars,#sn Sacred pillars. The Hebrew word (מַצֵּבֹת, matsevot) denotes a standing pillar, usually made of stone. Its purpose was to mark the presence of a shrine or altar thought to have been visited by deity. Though sometimes associated with pure worship of the Lord (Gen 28:18, 22; 31:13; 35:14; Exod 24:4), these pillars were usually associated with pagan cults and rituals (Exod 23:24; 34:13; Deut 12:3; 1 Kgs 14:23; 2 Kgs 17:10; Hos 3:4; 10:1; Jer 43:13). cut down their sacred Asherah poles,#sn Sacred Asherah poles. A leading deity of the Canaanite pantheon was Asherah, wife/sister of El and goddess of fertility. She was commonly worshiped at shrines in or near groves of evergreen trees, or, failing that, at places marked by wooden poles (Hebrew אֲשֵׁרִים [’asherim], as here). They were to be burned or cut down (Deut 12:3; 16:21; Judg 6:25, 28, 30; 2 Kgs 18:4). and burn up their idols. 6 For you are a people holy#tn That is, “set apart.” to the Lord your God. He#tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy. has chosen you to be his people, prized#tn Or “treasured” (so NIV, NRSV); NLT “his own special treasure.” The Hebrew term סְגֻלָּה (sÿgullah) describes Israel as God’s choice people, those whom he elected and who are most precious to him (cf. Exod 19:4-6; Deut 14:2; 26:18; 1 Chr 29:3; Ps 135:4; Eccl 2:8 Mal 3:17). See E. Carpenter, NIDOTTE 3:224. above all others on the face of the earth.
The Basis of Israel’s Election
7 It is not because you were more numerous than all the other peoples that the Lord favored and chose you – for in fact you were the least numerous of all peoples. 8 Rather it is because of his#tn Heb “the Lord’s.” See note on “He” in 7:6. love#tn For the verb אָהַב (’ahav, “to love”) as a term of choice or election, see note on the word “loved” in Deut 4:37. for you and his faithfulness to the promise#tn Heb “oath.” This is a reference to the promises of the so-called “Abrahamic Covenant” (cf. Gen 15:13-16). he solemnly vowed#tn Heb “swore on oath.” to your ancestors#tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 12, 13). that the Lord brought you out with great power,#tn Heb “by a strong hand” (NAB similar); NLT “with such amazing power.” redeeming#sn Redeeming you from the place of slavery. The Hebrew verb translated “redeeming” (from the root פָּדָה, padah) has the idea of redemption by the payment of a ransom. The initial symbol of this was the Passover lamb, offered by Israel to the Lord as ransom in exchange for deliverance from bondage and death (Exod 12:1-14). Later, the firstborn sons of Israel, represented by the Levites, became the ransom (Num 3:11-13). These were all types of the redemption effected by the death of Christ who described his atoning work as “a ransom for many” (Matt 20:28; cf. 1 Pet 1:18). you from the place of slavery, from the power#tn Heb “hand” (so KJV, NRSV), a metaphor for power or domination. of Pharaoh king of Egypt. 9 So realize that the Lord your God is the true God,#tn Heb “the God.” The article here expresses uniqueness; cf. TEV “is the only God”; NLT “is indeed God.” the faithful God who keeps covenant faithfully#tn Heb “who keeps covenant and loyalty.” The syndetic construction of בְּרִית (bÿrit) and חֶסֶד (khesed) should be understood not as “covenant” plus “loyalty” but as an adverbial construction in which חֶסֶד (“loyalty”) modifies the verb שָׁמַר (shamar, “keeps”). with those who love him and keep his commandments, to a thousand generations, 10 but who pays back those who hate#tn For the term “hate” as synonymous with rejection or disobedience see note on the word “reject” in Deut 5:9 (cf. NRSV “reject”). him as they deserve and destroys them. He will not ignore#tn Heb “he will not hesitate concerning.” those who hate him but will repay them as they deserve! 11 So keep the commandments, statutes, and ordinances that I today am commanding you to do.
Promises of Good for Covenant Obedience
12 If you obey these ordinances and are careful to do them, the Lord your God will faithfully keep covenant with you#tn Heb “will keep with you the covenant and loyalty.” On the construction used here, see v. 9. as he promised#tn Heb “which he swore on oath.” The relative pronoun modifies “covenant,” so one could translate “will keep faithfully the covenant (or promise) he made on oath to your ancestors.” your ancestors. 13 He will love and bless you, and make you numerous. He will bless you with many children,#tn Heb “will bless the fruit of your womb” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV). with the produce of your soil, your grain, your new wine, your oil, the offspring of your oxen, and the young of your flocks in the land which he promised your ancestors to give you. 14 You will be blessed beyond all peoples; there will be no barrenness#sn One of the ironies about the promises to the patriarchs concerning offspring was the characteristic barrenness of the wives of the men to whom these pledges were made (cf. Gen 11:30; 25:21; 29:31). Their affliction is in each case described by the very Hebrew word used here (עֲקָרָה, ’aqarah), an affliction that will no longer prevail in Canaan. among you or your livestock. 15 The Lord will protect you from all sickness, and you will not experience any of the terrible diseases that you knew in Egypt; instead he will inflict them on all those who hate you.
Exhortation to Destroy Canaanite Paganism
16 You must destroy#tn Heb “devour” (so NRSV); KJV, NAB, NASB “consume.” The verbal form (a perfect with vav consecutive) is understood here as having an imperatival or obligatory nuance (cf. the instructions and commands that follow). Another option is to take the statement as a continuation of the preceding conditional promises and translate “and you will destroy.” all the people whom the Lord your God is about to deliver over to you; you must not pity them or worship#tn Or “serve” (so KJV, NIV, NRSV). their gods, for that will be a snare to you. 17 If you think, “These nations are more numerous than I – how can I dispossess them?” 18 you must not fear them. You must carefully recall#tn Heb “recalling, you must recall.” The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute before the finite verb for emphasis. Cf. KJV, ASV “shalt well remember.” what the Lord your God did to Pharaoh and all Egypt, 19 the great judgments#tn Heb “testings” (so NAB), a reference to the plagues. See note at 4:34. you saw, the signs and wonders, the strength and power#tn Heb “the strong hand and outstretched arm.” See 4:34. by which he#tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy. brought you out – thus the Lord your God will do to all the people you fear. 20 Furthermore, the Lord your God will release hornets#tn The meaning of the term translated “hornets” (צִרְעָה, tsir’ah) is debated. Various suggestions are “discouragement” (HALOT 1056-57 s.v.; cf. NEB, TEV, CEV “panic”; NCV “terror”) and “leprosy” (J. H. Tigay, Deuteronomy [JPSTC], 360, n. 33; cf. NRSV “the pestilence”), as well as “hornet” (BDB 864 s.v.; cf. NAB, NASB, NIV, NLT). The latter seems most suitable to the verb שָׁלַח (shalakh, “send”; cf. Exod 23:28; Josh 24:12). among them until the very last ones who hide from you#tn Heb “the remnant and those who hide themselves.” perish. 21 You must not tremble in their presence, for the Lord your God, who is present among you, is a great and awesome God. 22 He,#tn Heb “the Lord your God.” See note on “he” in 7:19. the God who leads you, will expel the nations little by little. You will not be allowed to destroy them all at once lest the wild animals overrun you. 23 The Lord your God will give them over to you; he will throw them into a great panic#tn Heb “he will confuse them (with) great confusion.” The verb used here means “shake, stir up” (see Ruth 1:19; 1 Sam 4:5; 1 Kgs 1:45; Ps 55:2); the accompanying cognate noun refers to confusion, unrest, havoc, or panic (1 Sam 5:9, 11; 14:20; 2 Chr 15:5; Prov 15:16; Isa 22:5; Ezek 7:7; 22:5; Amos 3:9; Zech 14:13). until they are destroyed. 24 He will hand over their kings to you and you will erase their very names from memory.#tn Heb “you will destroy their name from under heaven” (cf. KJV); NRSV “blot out their name from under heaven.” Nobody will be able to resist you until you destroy them. 25 You must burn the images of their gods, but do not covet the silver and gold that covers them so much that you take it for yourself and thus become ensnared by it; for it is abhorrent#tn The Hebrew word תּוֹעֵבָה (to’evah, “abhorrent; detestable”) describes anything detestable to the Lord because of its innate evil or inconsistency with his own nature and character. Frequently such things (or even persons) must be condemned to annihilation (חֵרֶם, kherem) lest they become a means of polluting or contaminating others (cf. Deut 13:17; 20:17-18). See M. Grisanti, NIDOTTE 4:315. to the Lord your God. 26 You must not bring any abhorrent thing into your house and thereby become an object of divine wrath#tn Heb “come under the ban” (so NASB); NRSV “be set apart for destruction.” The same phrase occurs again at the end of this verse.sn The Hebrew word translated an object of divine wrath (חֵרֶם, kherem) refers to persons or things placed under God’s judgment, usually to the extent of their complete destruction. See note on the phrase “divine judgment” in Deut 2:34. along with it.#tn Or “like it is.” You must absolutely detest#tn This Hebrew verb (שָׁקַץ, shaqats) is essentially synonymous with the next verb (תָעַב, ta’av; cf. תּוֹעֵבָה, to’evah; see note on the word “abhorrent” in v. 25), though its field of meaning is more limited to cultic abomination (cf. Lev 11:11, 13; Ps 22:25). and abhor it,#tn Heb “detesting you must detest and abhorring you must abhor.” Both verbs are preceded by a cognate infinitive absolute indicating emphasis. for it is an object of divine wrath.
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Deuteronomy 7
7
1 “When Yahweh your God brings you into the land that you are about to enter into it#Literally “there” to take possession of it, and he drives#Or “he will drive out” out many nations before you,#Literally “from your faces” the Hittites#Hebrew “Hittite” and the Girgashites#Hebrew “Girgashite” and the Amorites#Hebrew “Amorite” and the Canaanites#Hebrew “Canaanite” and the Hivites#Hebrew “Hivite” and the Jebusites,#Hebrew “Jebusite” seven nations mightier and more numerous than you, 2and Yahweh your God will give them over to you#Literally “to your faces” or “before you” and you defeat them, you must utterly destroy them;#Literally “set them aside for destruction” you shall not make a covenant with them, and you shall not show mercy to them. 3And you shall not intermarry with them; you shall not give your daughter to their son; and you shall not take his daughter for your son.#Grammatically singular pronominal suffixes here can also be rendered “their” 4For their#Or “his” sons and daughters will cause your son#Or “sons” to turn away from following me,#Literally from “behind/after me” and so they will serve other gods, and the anger of Yahweh would be kindled#Literally “and it would become hot the nose of Yahweh” against you, and he would quickly destroy you. 5But this is what you must do to them: you shall break down their altars, and their stone pillars you shall smash, and their Asherah poles you shall hew down, and you shall burn their idols with fire. 6For you are a holy people for Yahweh your God; Yahweh your God has chosen you to be for him a people, a treasured possession from among all the peoples that are on the face#Or “surface” of the earth.
7“Yahweh loved you and chose you not because of your great number#Literally “from your multitude/abundance” exceeding all other peoples, for you are fewer than all of the peoples, 8but#Or “for” because of#Literally “from” the love of Yahweh for you and because of his keeping of the sworn oath that he swore to your ancestors,#Or “fathers” Yahweh brought you out with a strong hand and redeemed you from the house of slavery, from the hand of Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. 9So know that Yahweh your God, he is God, the trustworthy God, maintaining his#Hebrew “the” covenant and his#Hebrew “the” loyal love with those who love him and with those who keep his commandments to a thousand generations,#Hebrew “generation” 10but repaying those#Hebrew “the one” who hate him in their own person#Literally “to their faces” to destroy them;#Hebrew “him”; “them” in sense he is not slow with those who hate him in their own person;#Literally “to their faces” he repays them.#Hebrew “him” 11And so you shall keep the commandment and the rules and the regulations that I am commanding you today#Literally “the day” to observe them.
12“And then#Literally “And it will happen” because you listen to these regulations and you diligently keep and you do them, then Yahweh your God will maintain his#Hebrew “the” covenant and his#Or “fathers” loyal love that he swore to your ancestors.#Or “fathers” 13And he will love you, and he will bless you, and he will multiply you, and he will bless the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your soil, your grain, your wine, and your olive oil, and newborn calves of your cattle, and the newborn lambs#Or “increase of” of your flocks in the land that he swore to your ancestors#Or “fathers” to give you. 14You shall be blessed more than all of the peoples; among you there shall not be sterility and bareness, even#Hebrew “and” among domestic animals.#Hebrew “animal” 15And Yahweh will turn away from you all the illness and all the harmful diseases of Egypt that you experienced; he will not lay them on you, but he will lay them on all of those who hate you. 16And you shall devour all of the peoples that Yahweh your God is giving to you; you shall not pity them,#Literally “your eye shall not take pity on them” and you shall not serve their gods, which will be a snare for you.
17“If you think in your heart, ‘These nations are more numerous than I, so how can I dispossess them?’ 18then remember you must not be afraid of them; you must well remember what Yahweh your God did to Pharaoh and to all of Egypt: 19the great trials that your eyes saw and the signs and the wonders and the workings of the strong hand and the outstretched arm by which Yahweh your God brought you out; so Yahweh your God will do to all of the peoples because of whom#Literally “from them” you are in fear before them.#Literally “from their presence” 20And, moreover, Yahweh your God will send the hornets#Hebrew “hornet” among them until both the survivors and the fugitives are destroyed#Literally “the destroying of” before you.#Literally “from your faces” 21You must not be in dread from the presence of them, because Yahweh your God, who is in your midst, is a great and awesome God. 22And Yahweh your God will clear away these nations from before you#Literally “from your faces” little by little; you will not be able to finish them off quickly, lest#Literally “so that not” the wild animals#Literally “animals of the field” multiply#Literally “will become numerous” against you.#Literally “on you” 23But Yahweh your God will give them to you,#Literally “give them to your face” and he will throw them into great panic until they are destroyed.#Literally “until their destroying” 24And he will give their kings into your hand, and you shall blot out their names#Hebrew “name” from under the heaven; anyone will not be able to stand against you#Literally “in your faces” until you destroy them.#Literally “until your destroying them” 25You shall burn the images of their gods with fire; you shall not covet the silver or gold that is on them, and so you take it for yourself, so that you are not ensnared by it, for it is a detestable thing to Yahweh your God. 26And you must not bring a detestable thing into your house, or you will become a thing devoted to destruction like it; you must utterly detest it, and you must utterly abhor it, for it is an object devoted to destruction.
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