Deuteronomy 6
6
Exhortation to Keep the Covenant Principles
1 Now these are the commandments,#tn Heb “commandment.” The word מִצְוָה (mitsvah) again is in the singular, serving as a comprehensive term for the whole stipulation section of the book. See note on the word “commandments” in 5:31. statutes, and ordinances that the Lord your God instructed me to teach you so that you may carry them out in the land where you are headed#tn Heb “where you are going over to possess it” (so NASB); NRSV “that you are about to cross into and occupy.” 2 and that you may so revere the Lord your God that you will keep all his statutes and commandments#tn Here the terms are not the usual חֻקִּים (khuqqim) and מִשְׁפָּטִים (mishpatim; as in v. 1) but חֻקֹּת (khuqqot, “statutes”) and מִצְוֹת (mitsot, “commandments”). It is clear that these terms are used interchangeably and that their technical precision ought not be overly stressed. that I am giving#tn Heb “commanding.” For stylistic reasons, to avoid redundancy, “giving” has been used in the translation. you – you, your children, and your grandchildren – all your lives, to prolong your days. 3 Pay attention, Israel, and be careful to do this so that it may go well with you and that you may increase greatly in number#tn Heb “may multiply greatly” (so NASB, NRSV); the words “in number” have been supplied in the translation for clarity. – as the Lord, God of your ancestors,#tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 10, 18, 23). said to you, you will have a land flowing with milk and honey.
The Essence of the Covenant Principles
4 Listen, Israel: The Lord is our God, the Lord is one!#tn Heb “the Lord, our God, the Lord, one.” (1) One option is to translate: “The Lord is our God, the Lord alone” (cf. NAB, NRSV, NLT). This would be an affirmation that the Lord was the sole object of their devotion. This interpretation finds support from the appeals to loyalty that follow (vv. 5, 14). (2) Another option is to translate: “The Lord is our God, the Lord is unique.” In this case the text would be affirming the people’s allegiance to the Lord, as well as the Lord’s superiority to all other gods. It would also imply that he is the only one worthy of their worship. Support for this view comes from parallel texts such as Deut 7:9 and 10:17, as well as the use of “one” in Song 6:8-9, where the starstruck lover declares that his beloved is unique (literally, “one,” that is, “one of a kind”) when compared to all other women.sn Verses 4-5 constitute the so-called Shema (after the first word שְׁמַע, shÿma’, “hear”), widely regarded as the very heart of Jewish confession and faith. When Jesus was asked what was the greatest commandment of all, he quoted this text (Matt 22:37-38). 5 You must love#tn The verb אָהַב (’ahav, “to love”) in this setting communicates not so much an emotional idea as one of covenant commitment. To love the Lord is to be absolutely loyal and obedient to him in every respect, a truth Jesus himself taught (cf. John 14:15). See also the note on the word “loved” in Deut 4:37. the Lord your God with your whole mind,#tn Heb “heart.” In OT physiology the heart (לֵב, לֵבָב; levav, lev) was considered the seat of the mind or intellect, so that one could think with one’s heart. See A. Luc, NIDOTTE 2:749-54. your whole being,#tn Heb “soul”; “being.” Contrary to Hellenistic ideas of a soul that is discrete and separate from the body and spirit, OT anthropology equated the “soul” (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) with the person himself. It is therefore best in most cases to translate נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh) as “being” or the like. See H. W. Wolff, Anthropology of the Old Testament, 10-25; D. Fredericks, NIDOTTE 3:133-34. and all your strength.#sn For NT variations on the Shema see Matt 22:37-39; Mark 12:29-30; Luke 10:27.
Exhortation to Teach the Covenant Principles
6 These words I am commanding you today must be kept in mind, 7 and you must teach#tn Heb “repeat” (so NLT). If from the root I שָׁנַן (shanan), the verb means essentially to “engrave,” that is, “to teach incisively” (Piel); note NAB “Drill them into your children.” Cf. BDB 1041-42 s.v. them to your children and speak of them as you sit in your house, as you walk along the road,#tn Or “as you are away on a journey” (cf. NRSV, TEV, NLT); NAB “at home and abroad.” as you lie down, and as you get up. 8 You should tie them as a reminder on your forearm#sn Tie them as a sign on your forearm. Later Jewish tradition referred to the little leather containers tied to the forearms and foreheads as tefillin. They were to contain the following passages from the Torah: Exod 13:1-10, 11-16; Deut 6:5-9; 11:13-21. The purpose was to serve as a “sign” of covenant relationship and obedience. and fasten them as symbols#sn Fasten them as symbols on your forehead. These were also known later as tefillin (see previous note) or phylacteries (from the Greek term). These box-like containers, like those on the forearms, held the same scraps of the Torah. It was the hypocritical practice of wearing these without heartfelt sincerity that caused Jesus to speak scathingly about them (cf. Matt 23:5). on your forehead. 9 Inscribe them on the doorframes of your houses and gates.#sn The Hebrew term מְזוּזֹת (mÿzuzot) refers both to the door frames and to small cases attached on them containing scripture texts (always Deut 6:4-9 and 11:13-21; and sometimes the decalogue; Exod 13:1-10, 11-16; and Num 10:35-36). See J. H. Tigay, Deuteronomy (JPSTC), 443-44.
Exhortation to Worship the Lord Exclusively
10 Then when the Lord your God brings you to the land he promised your ancestors Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to give you – a land with large, fine cities you did not build, 11 houses filled with choice things you did not accumulate, hewn out cisterns you did not dig, and vineyards and olive groves you did not plant – and you eat your fill, 12 be careful not to forget the Lord who brought you out of Egypt, that place of slavery.#tn Heb “out of the house of slavery” (so NASB, NRSV). 13 You must revere the Lord your God, serve him, and take oaths using only his name. 14 You must not go after other gods, those#tn Heb “from the gods.” The demonstrative pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy. of the surrounding peoples, 15 for the Lord your God, who is present among you, is a jealous God and his anger will erupt against you and remove you from the land.#tn Heb “lest the anger of the Lord your God be kindled against you and destroy you from upon the surface of the ground.” Cf. KJV, ASV “from off the face of the earth.”
Exhortation to Obey the Lord Exclusively
16 You must not put the Lord your God to the test as you did at Massah.#sn The place name Massah (מַסָּה, massah) derives from a root (נָסָה, nasah) meaning “to test; to try.” The reference here is to the experience in the Sinai desert when Moses struck the rock to obtain water (Exod 17:1-2). The complaining Israelites had, thus, “tested” the Lord, a wickedness that gave rise to the naming of the place (Exod 17:7; cf. Deut 9:22; 33:8). 17 Keep his#tn Heb “the commandments of the Lord your God.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy. commandments very carefully,#tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute before the finite verb to emphasize the statement. The imperfect verbal form is used here with an obligatory nuance that can be captured in English through the imperative. Cf. NASB, NRSV “diligently keep (obey NLT).” as well as the stipulations and statutes he commanded you to observe. 18 Do whatever is proper#tn Heb “upright.” and good before the Lord so that it may go well with you and that you may enter and occupy the good land that he#tn Heb “the Lord.” See note on the word “his” in v. 17. promised your ancestors, 19 and that you may drive out all your enemies just as the Lord said.
Exhortation to Remember the Past
20 When your children#tn Heb “your son.” ask you later on, “What are the stipulations, statutes, and ordinances that the Lord our God commanded you?” 21 you must say to them,#tn Heb “to your son.” “We were Pharaoh’s slaves in Egypt, but the Lord brought us out of Egypt in a powerful way.#tn Heb “by a strong hand.” The image is that of a warrior who, with weapon in hand, overcomes his enemies. The Lord is commonly depicted as a divine warrior in the Book of Deuteronomy (cf. 5:15; 7:8; 9:26; 26:8). 22 And he#tn Heb “the Lord.” See note on the word “his” in v. 17. brought signs and great, devastating wonders on Egypt, on Pharaoh, and on his whole family#tn Heb “house,” referring to the entire household. before our very eyes. 23 He delivered us from there so that he could give us the land he had promised our ancestors. 24 The Lord commanded us to obey all these statutes and to revere him#tn Heb “the Lord our God.” See note on the word “his” in v. 17. so that it may always go well for us and he may preserve us, as he has to this day. 25 We will be innocent if we carefully keep all these commandments#tn The term “commandment” (מִצְוָה, mitsvah), here in the singular, refers to the entire body of covenant stipulations. before the Lord our God, just as he demands.”#tn Heb “as he has commanded us” (so NIV, NRSV).
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Deuteronomy 6
6
1These now are the commandements, ordinances, and lawes, which the Lord your God commanded me to teach you, that ye might doe them in the land whither ye go to possesse it: 2That thou mightest feare the Lord thy God, and keepe all his ordinances, and his commandements which I commaund thee, thou, and thy sonne, and thy sonnes sonne all the dayes of thy life, euen that thy dayes may be prolonged. 3Heare therefore, O Israel, and take heede to doe it, that it may go well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily in the land that floweth with milke and hony, as the Lord God of thy fathers hath promised thee. 4Heare, O Israel, The Lord our God is Lord onely, 5And thou shalt loue the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soule, and with all thy might. 6And these wordes which I commaund thee this day, shalbe in thine heart. 7And thou shalt rehearse them continually vnto thy children, and shalt talke of them when thou tariest in thine house, and as thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest downe, and when thou risest vp: 8And thou shalt binde them for a signe vpon thine hand, and they shalbe as frontlets betweene thine eyes. 9Also thou shalt write them vpon ye postes of thine house, and vpon thy gates. 10And when the Lord thy God hath brought thee into the land, which he sware vnto thy fathers, Abraham, Izhak, and Iaakob, to giue to thee, with great and goodly cities which thou buildedst not, 11And houses full of all maner of goods which thou filledst not, and welles digged which thou diggedst not, vineyards and oliue trees which thou plantedst not, and when thou hast eaten and art full, 12Beware least thou forget the Lord, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. 13Thou shalt feare the Lord thy God, and serue him, and shalt sweare by his Name. 14Ye shall not walke after other gods, after any of the gods of the people which are round about you, 15(For the Lord thy God is a ielous God among you:) least the wrath of the Lord thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from the face of the earth. 16Ye shall not tempt the Lord your God, as ye did tempt him in Massah: 17But ye shall keepe diligently the commandements of the Lord your God, and his testimonies, and his ordinances which he hath commanded thee, 18And thou shalt doe that which is right and good in the sight of the Lord: that thou mayest prosper, and that thou mayest go in, and possesse that good land which the Lord sware vnto thy fathers, 19To cast out all thine enemies before thee, as the Lord hath sayd. 20When thy sonne shall aske thee in time to come, saying, What meane these testimonies, and ordinances, and Lawes, which the Lord our God hath commanded you? 21Then shalt thou say vnto thy sonne, We were Pharaohs bondmen in Egypt: but the Lord brought vs out of Egypt with a mightie hand. 22And the Lord shewed signes and wonders great and euill vpon Egypt, vpon Pharaoh, and vpon all his housholde, before our eyes, 23And brought vs out from thence, to bring vs in, and to giue vs the land which he sware vnto our fathers. 24Therefore the Lord hath commanded vs, to doe all these ordinances, and to feare the Lord our God, that it may goe euer well with vs, and that he may preserue vs aliue as at this present. 25Moreouer, this shall be our righteousnes before the Lord our God, if we take heede to keepe all these commandements, as he hath commanded vs.
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