1 Samuel 15
15
Saul Is Rejected as King
1 Then Samuel said to Saul, “I was the one the Lord sent to anoint you as king over his people Israel. Now listen to what the Lord says.#tn Heb “to the voice of the words of the Lord” (so KJV). 2 Here is what the Lord of hosts says: ‘I carefully observed how the Amalekites opposed#tn Heb “what Amalek did to Israel, how he placed against him.” Israel along the way when Israel#tn Heb “he”; the referent (Israel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. came up from Egypt. 3 So go now and strike down the Amalekites. Destroy everything that they have. Don’t spare#tn Or perhaps “don’t take pity on” (cf. CEV). them. Put them to death – man, woman, child, infant, ox, sheep, camel, and donkey alike.’”
4 So Saul assembled#tn Heb “caused the people to hear.” the army#tn Heb “people.” and mustered them at Telaim. There were 200,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 men of Judah. 5 Saul proceeded to the city#tc The LXX has the plural here, “cities.” of Amalek, where he set an ambush#tc The translation follows the LXX and Vulgate which assume a reading וַיָּאָרֶב (vayya’arev, “and he set an ambush,” from the root ארב [’rv] with quiescence of alef) rather than the MT, which has וַיָּרֶב (vayyareb, “and he contended,” from the root ריב [ryv]). in the wadi.#tn That is, “the dry stream bed.” 6 Saul said to the Kenites, “Go on and leave! Go down from among the Amalekites! Otherwise I will sweep you away#tc The translation follows the Syriac Peshitta and Vulgate which assume a reading אֶסִפְךָ (’esfÿka, “I sweep you away,” from the root ספה [sfh]) rather than the MT אֹסִפְךָ (’osifÿka, “I am gathering you,” from the root אסף[’sf]). with them! After all, you were kind to all the Israelites when they came up from Egypt.” So the Kenites withdrew from among the Amalekites.
7 Then Saul struck down the Amalekites all the way from Havilah to#tn Heb “[as] you enter.” Shur, which is next to Egypt. 8 He captured King Agag of the Amalekites alive, but he executed all Agag’s people#tn Heb “all the people.” For clarity “Agag’s” has been supplied in the translation. with the sword. 9 However, Saul and the army spared Agag, along with the best of the flock, the cattle, the fatlings,#tn The Hebrew text is difficult here. We should probably read וְהַמַּשְׂמַנִּים (vÿhammasmannim, “the fat ones”) rather than the MT וְהַמִּשְׂנִים (vÿhammisnim, “the second ones”). However, if the MT is retained, the sense may be as the Jewish commentator Kimchi supposed: the second-born young, thought to be better than the firstlings. (For discussion see S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel, 123-24.) and the lambs, as well as everything else that was of value.#tn Heb “good.” They were not willing to slaughter them. But they did slaughter everything that was despised#tc The MT has here the very odd form נְמִבְזָה (nÿmivzah), but this is apparently due to a scribal error. The translation follows instead the Niphal participle נִבְזָה (nivzah). and worthless.
10 Then the word of the Lord came to Samuel: 11 “I regret that I have made Saul king, for he has turned away from me and has not done what I told him to do.” Samuel became angry and he cried out to the Lord all that night.
12 Then Samuel got up early to meet Saul the next morning. But Samuel was informed, “Saul has gone to Carmel where#tn Heb “and look.” he is setting up a monument for himself. Then Samuel left#tn Heb “and he turned and crossed over.” and went down to Gilgal.”#tc At the end of v. 12 the LXX and one Old Latin ms include the following words not found in the MT: “to Saul. And behold, he was offering as a burnt offering to the Lord the best of the spoils that he had brought from the Amalekites.” 13 When Samuel came to him,#tn Heb “to Saul.” Saul said to him, “May the Lord bless you! I have done what the Lord said.”
14 Samuel replied, “If that is the case,#tn The words “if that is the case” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. then what is this sound of sheep in my ears and the sound of cattle that I hear?” 15 Saul said, “They were brought#tn Heb “they brought them.” from the Amalekites; the army spared the best of the flocks and cattle to sacrifice to the Lord our God. But everything else we slaughtered.”
16 Then Samuel said to Saul, “Wait a minute!#tn Or perhaps “be quiet.” Let me tell you what the Lord said to me last night.” Saul#tc The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew mss in reading the singular (“he said”) rather than the plural (“they said”) of the Kethib.tn Heb “he”; the referent (Saul) has been specified in the translation for clarity. said to him, “Tell me.” 17 Samuel said, “Is it not true that when you were insignificant in your own eyes, you became head of the tribes of Israel? The Lord chose#tn Heb “anointed.” you as king over Israel. 18 The Lord sent you on a campaign#tn Heb “journey.” saying, ‘Go and exterminate those sinful Amalekites! Fight against them until you#tc The translation follows the LXX, the Syriac Peshitta, and the Targum in reading the second person singular suffix (“you”) rather than the third person plural suffix of the MT (“they”). have destroyed them.’ 19 Why haven’t you obeyed#tn Heb “listened to the voice of the Lord.” the Lord? Instead you have greedily rushed upon the plunder! You have done what is wrong in the Lord’s estimation.”#tn Heb “you have done what is evil in the eyes of the Lord.”
20 Then Saul said to Samuel, “But I have obeyed#tn Heb “listened to the voice of the Lord.” the Lord! I went on the campaign#tn Heb “journey.” the Lord sent me on. I brought back King Agag of the Amalekites after exterminating the Amalekites. 21 But the army took from the plunder some of the sheep and cattle – the best of what was to be slaughtered – to sacrifice to the Lord your God in Gilgal.”
22 Then Samuel said,
“Does the Lord take pleasure in burnt offerings and sacrifices
as much as he does in obedience?#tn Heb “as [in] listening to the voice of the Lord.”
Certainly,#tn Heb “look.” obedience#tn Heb “listening.” is better than sacrifice;
paying attention is better than#tn The expression “is better” is understood here by ellipsis (see the immediately preceding statement). the fat of rams.
23 For rebellion is like the sin of divination,
and presumption is like the evil of idolatry.
Because you have rejected the word of the Lord,
he has rejected you as#tn Or “from [being].” king.”
24 Then Saul said to Samuel, “I have sinned, for I have disobeyed what the Lord commanded#tn Heb “the mouth of the Lord.” and what you said as well.#tn Heb “and your words.” For I was afraid of the army, and I followed their wishes.#tn Heb “and I listened to their voice.” 25 Now please forgive my sin! Go back with me so I can worship#tn Following the imperative, the cohortative with the prefixed conjunction indicates purpose/result. the Lord.”
26 Samuel said to Saul, “I will not go back with you, for you have rejected the word of the Lord, and the Lord has rejected you from being king over Israel!”
27 When Samuel turned to leave, Saul#tn Heb “he,” but Saul is clearly the referent. A Qumran ms and the LXX include the name “Saul” here. grabbed the edge of his robe and it tore. 28 Samuel said to him, “The Lord has torn the kingdom of Israel from you this day and has given it to one of your colleagues who is better than you! 29 The Preeminent One#tn Heb “splendor,” used here by metonymy as a title for the Lord. of Israel does not go back on his word#tn Or perhaps “does not lie.” or change his mind, for he is not a human being who changes his mind.”#sn This observation marks the preceding statement (v. 28) as an unconditional, unalterable decree. When God makes such a decree he will not alter it or change his mind. This does not mean that God never deviates from his stated intentions or changes his mind. On the contrary, several passages describe him as changing his mind. In fact, his willingness to do so is one of his fundamental divine attributes (see Joel 2:13; Jonah 4:2). For a fuller discussion see R. B. Chisholm, Jr., “Does God Change His Mind?” BSac 152 (1995): 387-99. 30 Saul#tn Heb “he”; the referent (Saul) has been specified in the translation for clarity. again replied, “I have sinned. But please honor me before the elders of my people and before Israel. Go back with me so I may worship the Lord your God.” 31 So Samuel followed Saul back, and Saul worshiped the Lord.
Samuel Puts Agag to Death
32 Then Samuel said, “Bring me King Agag of the Amalekites.” So Agag came to him trembling,#tn The MT reading מַעֲדַנֹּת (ma’adannot, literally, “bonds,” used here adverbially, “in bonds”) is difficult. The word is found only here and in Job 38:31. Part of the problem lies in determining the root of the word. Some scholars have taken it to be from the root ענד (’nd, “to bind around”), but this assumes a metathesis of two of the letters of the root. Others take it from the root עדן (’dn) with the meaning “voluptuously,” but this does not seem to fit the context. It seems better to understand the word to be from the root מעד (m’d, “to totter” or “shake”). In that case it describes the fear that Agag experienced in realizing the mortal danger that he faced as he approached Samuel. This is the way that the LXX translators understood the word, rendering it by the Greek participle τρέμον (tremon, “trembling”). thinking to himself,#tn Heb “and Agag said.” “Surely death is bitter!”#tc The text is difficult here. With the LXX, two Old Latin mss, and the Syriac Peshitta it is probably preferable to delete סָר (sar, “is past”) of the MT; it looks suspiciously like a dittograph of the following word מַר (mar, “bitter”). This further affects the interpretation of Agag’s comment. In the MT he comes to Samuel confidently assured that the danger is over (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV “Surely the bitterness of death is past,” along with NLT, CEV). However, it seems more likely that Agag realized that his fortunes had suddenly taken a turn for the worse and that the clemency he had enjoyed from Saul would not be his lot from Samuel. The present translation thus understands Agag to approach not confidently but in the stark realization that his death is imminent (“Surely death is bitter!”). Cf. NAB “So it is bitter death!”; NRSV “Surely this is the bitterness of death”; TEV “What a bitter thing it is to die!” 33 Samuel said, “Just as your sword left women childless, so your mother will be the most bereaved among women!” Then Samuel hacked Agag to pieces there in Gilgal before the Lord.
34 Then Samuel went to Ramah, while Saul went up to his home in Gibeah of Saul. 35 Until the day he#tn That is, Samuel. died Samuel did not see Saul again. Samuel did, however, mourn for Saul, but the Lord regretted that he had made Saul king over Israel.
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1 Samuel 15
15
Samuel rejects Saul’s kingship
1Samuel said to Saul, “The LORD sent me to anoint you king over his people Israel. Listen now to the LORD’s words! 2This is what the LORD of heavenly forces says: I am going to punish the Amalekites for what they did to Israel: how they attacked the Israelites as they came up from Egypt. 3So go! Attack the Amalekites; put everything that belongs to them under the ban.#15.3 A technique of holy war that often involves total destruction, in which everything that is destroyed is dedicated to the deity who helps in the battle; also in 15:8-9, 15, 18, 20-21. Spare no one. Kill men and women, children and infants, oxen and sheep, camels and donkeys.”
4Saul called out the troops and counted them at Telaim: two hundred thousand foot soldiers and ten thousand more troops from Judah. 5Then Saul advanced on the Amalekite city and laid an ambush in the valley. 6Saul told the Kenites, “Get going! Leave the Amalekites immediately because you showed kindness to the Israelites when they came out of Egypt. Otherwise, I’ll destroy you right along with them.” So the Kenites left the Amalekites. 7Then Saul attacked the Amalekites from Havilah all the way to Shur, which is near Egypt. 8He captured Agag the Amalekite king alive, but Saul placed all the people under the ban, killing them with the sword. 9Saul and the troops spared Agag along with the best sheep, cattle, fattened calves,#15.9 LXX lambs, and everything of value. They weren’t willing to put them under the ban; but anything that was despised or of no value#15.9 LXX; Heb uncertain they placed under the ban.
10Then the LORD’s word came to Samuel: 11“I regret making Saul king because he has turned away from following me and hasn’t done what I said.” Samuel was upset at this, and he prayed to the LORD all night long.
12Samuel got up early in the morning to meet Saul, and was told, “Saul went to Carmel, where he is setting up a monument for himself. Then he left and went down to Gilgal.”
13When Samuel reached Saul,#15.13 LXX adds he was offering entirely burned sacrifices to the LORD, the best of the plunder that he had taken from Amalek. As Samuel approached Saul. Saul greeted him, “The LORD bless you! I have done what the LORD said.”
14“Then what,” Samuel asked, “is this bleating of sheep in my ears and mooing of cattle I hear?”
15“They were taken from the Amalekites,” Saul said, “because the troops spared the best sheep and cattle in order to sacrifice them to the LORD your God. The rest was placed under the ban.”
16Samuel then said to Saul, “Enough! Let me tell you what the LORD said to me last night.”
“Tell me,” Saul replied.
17Samuel said, “Even if you think you are insignificant, aren’t you the leader of Israel’s tribes? The LORD anointed you king over Israel. 18The LORD sent you on a mission, instructing you, ‘Go, and put the sinful Amalekites under the ban. Fight against them until you’ve wiped them out.’ 19Why didn’t you obey the LORD? You did evil in the LORD’s eyes when you tore into the plunder!”
20“But I did obey the LORD!” Saul protested to Samuel. “I went on the mission the LORD sent me on. I captured Agag the Amalekite king, and I put the Amalekites under the ban. 21Yes, the troops took sheep and cattle from the plunder—the very best items placed under the ban—but in order to sacrifice them to the LORD your God at Gilgal.”
22Then Samuel replied,
“Does the LORD want entirely burned offerings and sacrifices
as much as obedience to the LORD?
Listen to this: obeying is better than sacrificing,
paying attention is better than fat from rams,
23because rebellion is as bad as the sin of divination;
arrogance is like the evil of idolatry.#15.23 Sym, LXXB; MT evil and idolatry
Because you have rejected what the LORD said,
he has rejected you as king.”
24Saul said to Samuel, “I have sinned because I disobeyed the LORD’s command and your instructions. I was afraid of the troops and obeyed them. 25But now please forgive my sin! Come back with me, so I can worship the LORD.”
26But Samuel said to Saul, “I can’t#15.26 Or won’t return with you because you have rejected what the LORD said, and the LORD has rejected you from being king over Israel.”
27Samuel turned to leave, but Saul grabbed at the edge of his robe, and it ripped. 28Then Samuel told him, “The LORD has ripped the kingdom of Israel from you today. He will give it to a friend of yours, someone who is more worthy than you. 29What’s more, the enduring one of Israel doesn’t take back what he says and doesn’t change his mind. He is not a human being who would change his mind.”
30“I have sinned,” Saul said, “but please honor me in front of my people’s elders and before Israel, and come back with me so I can worship the LORD your God.” 31So Samuel went back with Saul, and Saul worshipped the LORD.
32“Bring me Agag the Amalekite king,” Samuel said.
Agag came to him in chains, asking, “Would death have been as bitter as this is?”#15.32 LXX; Heb uncertain
33Samuel said, “Just as your sword left women without their children, now your mother will be childless among women.” Then Samuel cut Agag to pieces in the LORD’s presence at Gilgal.
34Then Samuel went to Ramah, but Saul went up to his home in Gibeah. 35Samuel never saw Saul again before he died, but he grieved over Saul. However, the LORD regretted making Saul king over Israel.
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