1 Kings 21
21
Ahab Murders Naboth
1 After this the following episode took place.#tn Heb “after these things.” The words “the following episode took place” are added for stylistic reasons. Naboth the Jezreelite owned a vineyard in Jezreel adjacent to the palace of King Ahab of Samaria.#sn King Ahab of Samaria. Samaria, as the capital of the northern kingdom, here stands for the nation of Israel.map For location see Map2-B1; Map4-D3; Map5-E2; Map6-A4; Map7-C1. 2 Ahab said to Naboth, “Give me your vineyard so I can make a vegetable garden out of it, for it is adjacent to my palace. I will give you an even better vineyard in its place, or if you prefer,#tn Heb “if it is good in your eyes.” I will pay you silver for it.”#tc The Old Greek translation includes the following words: “And it will be mine as a garden of herbs.” 3 But Naboth replied to Ahab, “The Lord forbid that I should sell you my ancestral inheritance.”#tn Heb “Far be it from me, by the Lord, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers to you.”
4 So Ahab went into his palace, bitter and angry that Naboth the Jezreelite had said,#tn Heb “on account of the word that Naboth the Jezreelite spoke to him.” “I will not sell to you my ancestral inheritance.”#tn Heb “I will not give to you the inheritance of my fathers.” He lay down on his bed, pouted,#tn Heb “turned away his face.” and would not eat. 5 Then his wife Jezebel came in and said to him, “Why do you have a bitter attitude and refuse to eat?” 6 He answered her, “While I was talking to Naboth the Jezreelite, I said to him, ‘Sell me your vineyard for silver, or if you prefer, I will give you another vineyard in its place.’ But he said, ‘I will not sell you my vineyard.’”#tn Heb “While I was talking…, I said…, he said….” Ahab’s explanation is one lengthy sentence in the Hebrew text, which is divided in the English translation for stylistic reasons. 7 His wife Jezebel said to him, “You are the king of Israel!#tn Heb “You, now, you are exercising kingship over Israel.” Get up, eat some food, and have a good time.#tn Heb “so your heart [i.e., disposition] might be well.” I will get the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite for you.”
8 She wrote out orders,#tn Heb “scrolls.” signed Ahab’s name to them,#tn Heb “in the name of Ahab.” and sealed them with his seal. She then sent the orders#tn Heb “scrolls.” to the leaders#tn Heb “elders.” and to the nobles who lived in Naboth’s city.#tn Heb “to the nobles who were in his city, the ones who lived with Naboth.” 9 This is what she wrote:#tn Heb “she wrote on the scrolls, saying.” “Observe a time of fasting and seat Naboth in front of the people. 10 Also seat two villains opposite him and have them testify, ‘You cursed God and the king.’ Then take him out and stone him to death.”
11 The men of the#tn Heb “his.” city, the leaders#tn Heb “elders.” and the nobles who lived there,#tn Heb “and the nobles who were living in his city.” followed the written orders Jezebel had sent them.#tn Heb “did as Jezebel sent to them, just as was written in the scrolls which she sent to them.” 12 They observed a time of fasting and put Naboth in front of the people. 13 The two villains arrived and sat opposite him. Then the villains testified against Naboth right before the people, saying, “Naboth cursed God and the king.” So they dragged him#tn Heb “led him.” outside the city and stoned him to death.#tn Heb “and they stoned him with stones and he died.” 14 Then they reported to Jezebel, “Naboth has been stoned to death.”#tn Heb “Naboth was stoned and he died.” So also in v. 15.
15 When Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned to death, she#tn Heb “Jezebel”; the proper name has been replaced by the pronoun (“she”) in the translation for stylistic reasons. said to Ahab, “Get up, take possession of the vineyard Naboth the Jezreelite refused to sell you for silver, for Naboth is no longer alive; he’s dead.” 16 When Ahab heard that Naboth was dead,#tc The Old Greek translation includes the following words here: “he tore his garments and put on sackcloth. After these things.” he got up and went down to take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.
17 The Lord told Elijah the Tishbite:#tn Heb “the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite.” 18 “Get up, go down and meet King Ahab of Israel who lives in Samaria. He is at the vineyard of Naboth; he has gone down there to take possession of it. 19 Say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: “Haven’t you committed murder and taken possession of the property of the deceased?”’ Then say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: “In the spot where dogs licked up Naboth’s blood they will also lick up your blood – yes, yours!”’”
20 When Elijah arrived, Ahab said to him,#tn Heb “and Ahab said to Elijah.” The narrative is elliptical and streamlined. The words “when Elijah arrived” are supplied in the translation for clarification. “So, you have found me, my enemy!” Elijah#tn Heb “he”; the referent (Elijah) has been specified in the translation for clarity. replied, “I have found you, because you are committed#tn Heb “you have sold yourself.” to doing evil in the sight of#tn Heb “in the eyes of.” the Lord. 21 The Lord says,#tn The introductory formula “the Lord says” is omitted in the Hebrew text, but supplied in the translation for clarification. ‘Look, I am ready to bring disaster#sn Disaster. There is a wordplay in the Hebrew text. The word translated “disaster” (רָעָה, ra’ah) is similar to the word translated “evil” (v. 20, הָרַע, hara’). Ahab’s sins would receive an appropriate punishment. on you. I will destroy you#tn Heb “I will burn after you.” Some take the verb בָּעַר (ba’ar) to mean here “sweep away.” See the discussion of this verb in the notes at 14:10 and 16:3. and cut off every last male belonging to Ahab in Israel, including even the weak and incapacitated.#tn Heb “and I will cut off from Ahab those who urinate against a wall, [including both those who are] restrained and let free [or “abandoned”] in Israel.” The precise meaning of the idiomatic phrase עָצוּר וְעָזוּב (’atsur vÿ’azuv, translated here “weak and incapacitated”) is uncertain. For various options see HALOT 871 s.v. עצר and M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 107. The two terms are usually taken as polar opposites (“slaves and freemen” or “minors and adults”), but Cogan and Tadmor, on the basis of contextual considerations (note the usage with אֶפֶס (’efes), “nothing but”) in Deut 32:36 and 2 Kgs 14:26, argue convincingly that the terms are synonyms, meaning “restrained and abandoned,” and refer to incapable or incapacitated individuals. 22 I will make your dynasty#tn Heb “house.” like those of Jeroboam son of Nebat and Baasha son of Ahijah because you angered me and made Israel sin.’#tn Heb “because of the provocation by which you angered [me], and you caused Israel to sin.” 23 The Lord says this about Jezebel, ‘Dogs will devour Jezebel by the outer wall#tc A few Hebrew mss and some ancient versions agree with 2 Kgs 9:10, 36, which reads, “the plot [of ground] at Jezreel.” The Hebrew words translated “outer wall” (חֵל, khel, defectively written here!) and “plot [of ground]” (חֵלֶק, kheleq) are spelled similarly. of Jezreel.’ 24 As for Ahab’s family, dogs will eat the ones#tn “Dogs will eat the ones who belonging to Ahab who die in the city.” who die in the city, and the birds of the sky will eat the ones who die in the country.” 25 (There had never been anyone like Ahab, who was firmly committed#tn Heb “who sold himself.” to doing evil in the sight of#tn Heb “in the eyes of.” the Lord, urged on by his wife Jezebel.#tn Heb “like Ahab…whom his wife Jezebel incited.” 26 He was so wicked he worshiped the disgusting idols,#tn The Hebrew word used here, גִלּוּלִים (gillulim) is always used as a disdainful reference to idols. It is generally thought to have originally referred to “dung pellets” (cf. KBL 183 s.v. גִלּוּלִים). It is only one of several terms used in this way, such as אֱלִילִים (’elilim, “worthless things”) and הֲבָלִים (havalim, “vanities” or “empty winds”). just like the Amorites#tn Heb “He acted very abominably by walking after the disgusting idols, according to all which the Amorites had done.” whom the Lord had driven out from before the Israelites.)
27 When Ahab heard these words, he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and fasted. He slept in sackcloth and walked around dejected. 28 The Lord said to Elijah the Tishbite,#tn Heb “the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite.” 29 “Have you noticed how Ahab shows remorse#tn Or “humbles himself.” The expression occurs a second time later in this verse. before me? Because he shows remorse before me, I will not bring disaster on his dynasty during his lifetime, but during the reign of his son.”#tn Heb “I will not bring the disaster during his days, [but] in the days of his son I will bring the disaster on his house.”
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1 Kings 21
21
The Vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite
1It happened after these things that Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard which was in Jezreel beside the palace of Ahab king of Samaria. 2Ahab spoke to Naboth, saying, “Give me your vineyard that it may be mine for a garden of vegetable plants, because it is near, beside my house, and I will give to you a better vineyard in place of it. If it is better in your eyes, I will give you the money of its price.” 3Naboth said to Ahab, “Far be it from me from Yahweh that I should give the inheritance of my ancestors#Or “fathers” to you.” 4Then Ahab went to his house, sullen and angry because of the word that Naboth the Jezreelite had spoken to him when he had said, “I will not give to you the inheritance of my ancestors.”#Or “fathers” So he lay on his bed, turned away his face, and would not eat any food.
5Then Jezebel his wife came to him, and she said to him, “What is this, that your spirit is sullen and you are not eating food?” 6Then he said to her, “When I spoke to Naboth the Jezreelite and asked him, ‘Give me your vineyard for money, or it you prefer, I will give you a vineyard in place of it,’ he said, ‘I will not give you my vineyard.’ ” 7Jezebel his wife said to him, “Now, you rule#Literally “do kingship” over Israel. Get up, eat food, and let your heart be cheerful.#Literally “good” I myself will give you the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.”
8So she wrote letters in the name of Ahab and sealed them with his seal. She sent the letters to the elders and the nobles who were dwelling with Naboth in his city. 9She had written in the letters, saying, “Call a fast and seat Naboth at the head of the people. 10Seat two men, scoundrels,#Literally “sons of wickedness” opposite him. Let them witness against him saying, ‘You cursed God and the king.’ Then you shall bring him out and stone him so that he dies.” 11The men of his city and the elders and nobles who were living in his city did according to what Jezebel had sent to them, as was written in the letters which she had sent to them. 12They called a fast, and they seated Naboth at the head of the people. 13Then the two men, scoundrels,#Literally “sons of wickedness” came, sat opposite him, and the scoundrels#Literally “men of wickedness” witnessed against Naboth before the people, saying, “Naboth cursed God and the king,” so they brought him outside of the city and stoned him with stones, and he died.
14They sent to Jezebel saying, “Naboth has been stoned, and he is dead.” 15It happened at the moment Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned and died, Jezebel said to Ahab, “Get up, take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite which he had refused to give to you for money, for Naboth is not alive, but dead.” 16When Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, he got up to go down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite to take possession of it.
Elijah Responds to Ahab
17The word of Yahweh came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, 18“Arise, go down to meet Ahab the king of Israel who is in Samaria. Look in the vineyard of Naboth, where he has gone to take possession of it. 19You shall say to him, ‘Thus says Yahweh: “Have you committed murder and also taken possession?” ’ You shall also say to him, ‘Thus says Yahweh: “In the place where the dogs licked the blood of Naboth, the dogs will also lick your blood.” ’ ”
20Then Ahab said to Elijah, “Have you found me, my enemy?” He said, “I have found you because you have sold yourself to do evil in the eyes of Yahweh. 21‘Look, I am bringing disaster on you, and I will sweep away after you. I will cut off for Ahab every male#“Literally “the one who urinates against the wall” in Israel, bond or free. 22I will make your house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat and like the house of Baasha the son of Ahijah, because you made me angry#Literally “for the provocation which you have provoked” and have caused Israel to sin.’ 23Moreover, concerning Jezebel, Yahweh has said, ‘The dogs will eat Jezebel in the outer rampart of Jezreel.’ 24The one who dies for Ahab in the city, the dogs will eat; the one who dies in the open country, the birds of heaven will eat.”
25Truly, there was no one like Ahab who had sold himself by doing evil in the eyes of Yahweh, whose wife Jezebel urged him on. 26Also, he acted very abominably by going after idols like all the Amorites had done whom Yahweh had driven out from before the Israelites.”#Literally “sons/children of Israel”
27When Ahab heard these words, he tore his clothes and put sackcloth over his flesh, fasted, lay in the sackcloth, and went about dejectedly. 28Then the word of Yahweh came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, 29“Have you seen how Ahab has humbled himself before me? Because he has humbled himself before me, I will not bring disaster in his days. I will bring the disaster on his house in the days of his son.”
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